Decoding DGCA Air Safety Circular 2 of 4: Mitigation Strategies for Runway Incursion Risk

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In today’s blog post, we will be decoding Air Safety Circular 2 of 2024 on Mitigation Strategies for Runway Incursion Risk. We will also include simplified examples to help our readers grasp the importance of the circular.

At the end, we have provided a link to download the actual circular. We also recommend regularly visiting the DGCA website for the latest updates.

What is Runway Incursion?

A runway incursion is any occurrence at an aerodrome that involves the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft.

This example highlights the importance of strict adherence to procedures and constant vigilance by all personnel involved in aerodrome operations to prevent such occurrences and ensure the safety of all parties.

What is Aerodrome?

An aerodrome is a term used to describe any location from which aircraft flight operations take place, regardless of whether they involve passenger travel, cargo transport, or military use. It encompasses a wide range of facilities, including airports, airstrips, and heliports.

Example: For instance, London Heathrow Airport is one of the world's busiest aerodromes. It includes multiple runways for aircraft take-offs and landings, extensive taxiways connecting the runways to various terminals, and numerous buildings for passenger processing, aircraft maintenance, and air traffic control.

All these components collectively make up the aerodrome, ensuring the smooth and safe operation of numerous daily flights.

Decoding the Notice

Runway Incursion is an occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft.

For example, if a maintenance vehicle mistakenly enters a runway where an aircraft is about to land, this is considered a runway incursion.

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) places runway incursions among the five highest-risk categories of events that must be addressed to mitigate the risk of aviation fatalities.

India has also identified runway incursions as a National High-Risk Category of occurrence in the National Aviation Safety Plan and has been working towards its mitigation since the introduction of the first National Aviation Safety Plan (State Safety Plan) in 2015-16.

Overall, runway incursion risks include a complex combination of factors that can only be addressed through a collaborative approach involving aircraft operators, air navigation service providers (ANSPs), aerodrome operators, and regulators. This means all parties involved in aviation operations must work together to ensure safety.

Causative Factors of Runway Incursion

Runway incursions can result from a variety of factors, and their severity varies from minor infractions to situations with the potential for catastrophic consequences.

The significant contributing factors for runway incursions are as follows:

• Loss of situational awareness by pilots, non-familiarization with aerodrome layout:
  For example, a pilot who is unfamiliar with the layout of an aerodrome may mistakenly enter an active runway.
• Incorrect instructions issued by ATC to a pilot or vehicle driver and failure to monitor the read-back:
  If Air Traffic Control (ATC) provides incorrect directions and does not confirm them properly, a pilot or vehicle driver may end up on the wrong path.
• Failure to obtain clearance to enter the runway by the pilot:
  A pilot may fail to request or receive the proper clearance before entering a runway, leading to a potential incursion.
• Failure to obtain clearance to enter the runway by the vehicle driver:
  Similar to pilots, vehicle drivers must also obtain clearances before accessing runways to avoid conflicts.
• Unauthorized entry on the runway by a person:
  Individuals may inadvertently or intentionally enter a runway, posing a risk to aircraft operations.
• The pilot and/or vehicle driver misunderstanding the controller’s instructions and incorrect read-back:
  Miscommunication can occur if instructions are not clearly understood or repeated back incorrectly.
• Inadequate signage and markings (particularly the inability to see the runway-holding position markings) or multiple holding positions:
  Poor visibility or confusing signs can lead to incursions.
• Use of non-standardized phraseology:
  Standard phrases ensure clear communication; deviation can cause misunderstandings.
• Pilot or vehicle driver accepting a clearance intended for another aircraft or vehicle:
  Mistakes can occur if clearances are not clearly directed and received.
• Complicated airport design involving runway crossings:
  Complex layouts can increase the risk of incursions if not properly managed.

Analysis of five years of data on runway incursions in India highlights the following top three causative factors:

• Incorrect instructions issued by the ATC to the pilot or vehicle drivers.
• Loss of situational awareness by pilots, non-familiarization with aerodrome layout.
• Failure to obtain clearance to enter the runway by the pilot.

Prevention of Runway Incursion

3.1 ICAO Doc 9870 on “Manual on the Prevention of Runway Incursions” lays down the detailed guidelines on prevention of runway incursions. Additionally, the Global Action Plan for the Prevention of Runway Incursions (GAPPRI), a collaborative outcome of ICAO, Flight Safety Foundation, Euro Control, ACI World, CANSO, and IATA, provides recommendations for Aerodrome Operators, Air Navigation Service Providers, Aircraft Operators, Manufacturers, State & Regulators, etc. NASP-India also contains safety enhancement initiatives for the prevention of runway incursion.

3.2 Nevertheless, the following mitigation actions based on the top three causative factors are outlined for compliance by all applicable stakeholders:

(a) Standard ICAO phraseologies must be consistently used in all communications related to runway operations by both pilots and ATC:

For example, using standardized terms like "Hold short of Runway 27" ensures clarity and avoids misunderstandings.

(b) The read-back procedures as outlined in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM, Doc 4444) must be ensured including for communications with vehicles operating in the maneuvering area:

This ensures that instructions are correctly understood and followed.

(c) Pilots should undergo comprehensive training on aerodrome signage, markings, and lighting. After an initial course, it should be covered during a refresher:

Continuous training ensures that pilots remain familiar with the latest procedures and signage.

(d) Before operation to an aerodrome, pilots and AMEs (cleared for taxi) should be familiarized/briefed about the layout, taxi procedure, locations of holding points, and hotspots specific to the operating aerodrome:

This preparation helps pilots and AMEs avoid areas that are prone to incursions.

(e) Flight deck procedures should include a requirement for pilots to obtain explicit clearance before crossing any runway, irrespective of its current use:

This reduces the risk of unauthorized runway entries.

(f) Aircraft operator's procedures should include policy and procedures to minimize "heads-down" activities and enable effective monitoring of the movement area whilst taxiing. For multi-pilot flight decks, "heads-down" activities for more than one pilot should be restricted to times when the aircraft is stationary with the parking brake set:

Reducing distractions ensures that pilots remain vigilant during taxiing.

(g) Adopt the sterile flight deck concept during taxiing:

Limiting non-essential communication and activities helps maintain focus on the critical task of taxiing.

(h) Pilots must not cross illuminated red stop bars when lining up on or crossing a runway:

Stop bars indicate areas where vehicles and aircraft must stop and not proceed without clearance.

(i) Pilots should promptly stop the aircraft and contact ATC if any doubt arises regarding their exact position on the aerodrome surface:

This ensures that any uncertainty is resolved before continuing.

(j) ATC should ensure stop bars are switched on to signal a stop and switched off to indicate traffic may proceed. In no case, aircraft or vehicles be instructed to cross illuminated red stop bars. Aerodrome, ATC, and airlines should implement contingency measures to cater to unserviceable stop bars:

This maintains clear and consistent signaling for safe movement.

(k) ATC must issue explicit clearances, including the runway designator, when authorizing a runway crossing or instructing to hold short of any runway, including those not in use:

Clear instructions reduce the risk of misunderstandings.

(l) Use progressive taxi instructions to reduce pilot workload and potential confusion:

Breaking down instructions into simpler steps helps pilots navigate complex taxi routes.

(m) Aerodrome Operators should ensure signage and markings are well-maintained, clearly visible, adequate, and unambiguous in all operating conditions.

During construction or maintenance, disseminate information about temporary work areas, ensuring temporary signs and markings are clearly visible and unambiguous:

This ensures that all navigational aids are effective and up to date.

(n) Aerodrome operators should develop and introduce procedures to significantly reduce vehicular movements on the maneuvering area during low visibility/bad weather conditions: \

For example, limiting vehicle access during foggy conditions reduces the risk of incursions.

(o) The formal driver training and assessment programme should lay emphasis on speed limitation and Hot Spot in the maneuvering area: Training drivers to understand and navigate high-risk areas safely is crucial.

(p) Technological Intervention should be adopted to facilitate situational awareness that enables ATC and other stakeholders to locate and identify traffic in the maneuvering area. These include tools like Advanced-Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (A-SMGCS).

Aerodrome operators should consider the installation of appropriate categories of A-SMGCS in accordance with the criteria defined in ICAO DOC-9830:

Implementing advanced tracking systems helps in monitoring and managing traffic effectively.

(q) Inadequately mitigated human factors may impact the performance and contribute to runway incursions.

Involved service providers should have appropriate programs and policies for detection and mitigation of human factors. This aspect can take many forms such as:

• Pilots and vehicle drivers should be aware and cautious of expectation bias:
  Expectation bias occurs when individuals see what they expect to see rather than what is actually there.
• Lack of comprehension of instructions such as clearances due to poor communications quality or cultural differences e.g. accent of the operational personnel involved:
  Clear communication is vital, and understanding accents or dialects is important.
• Confusion caused by lack of clarity in instructions, markings, signage, lighting, and publications:
  Ensuring that all instructions and markings are clear helps prevent misunderstandings.
• Loss of situational awareness:
  Staying aware of the surroundings and the current situation is crucial.
• Distractions and excessive workload:
  Reducing unnecessary distractions and managing workload helps maintain focus.
• Working under mental anguish or pressure. The involved person should carefully consider whether it is appropriate to take on operational duties under such situations:
  Recognizing and managing stress is important for maintaining safety.

Runway Safety Team (RST)

CAR Section 4 Section X Part I mandates the establishment of a Runway Safety Team at all licensed aerodromes and detailed guidelines for the prevention of runway incursions.

As part of safety communication, aerodrome operators should develop a mechanism for sharing critical safety information among RSTs.

Definitions

• Runway Incursion: An event where an unauthorized aircraft, vehicle, or person is on a runway designated for aircraft landings and take-offs.
• ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations that sets international standards for aviation safety.
• ANSPs: Air Navigation Service Providers, organizations that manage air traffic control services.
• A-SMGCS: Advanced-Surface Movement Guidance and Control System, a system that provides situational awareness and helps manage aircraft and vehicle movements on the ground.

We hope this detailed explanation helps in understanding the critical aspects of runway incursion and the strategies for its mitigation. For more information, download the actual circular and regularly visit the DGCA website for the latest updates.

Significance For Professionals

The circular on runway incursion risk mitigation is of significant importance to pilots, cabin crew, and aviation professionals for several reasons:

For Pilots

Enhanced Safety Procedures: Pilots are provided with clear guidelines on obtaining runway clearance, read-back procedures, and situational awareness, reducing the risk of runway incursions.

Training and Familiarization: The circular emphasizes the need for comprehensive and regular training on aerodrome signage, markings, and layout, ensuring pilots are well-prepared for operations at various airports.

Communication Protocols: Standardized communication protocols are reinforced, ensuring pilots use consistent phraseology and procedures, which reduces misunderstandings with air traffic control (ATC).

Technological Awareness: Pilots are informed about technological tools such as Advanced-Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (A-SMGCS), which enhance their situational awareness during ground movements.

Operational Readiness: The emphasis on mental readiness and managing workload helps pilots maintain high levels of alertness and performance, especially under stressful conditions.

For Cabin Crew

Operational Coordination: Cabin crew benefit from enhanced coordination with pilots who follow stringent safety protocols, ensuring a safer environment during taxiing, takeoff, and landing phases.

Safety Briefings: Cabin crew can assist in the enforcement of sterile cockpit procedures during critical phases of flight, ensuring that pilots are not distracted.

Emergency Preparedness: By understanding the risks and procedures outlined in the circular, cabin crew can better prepare for potential emergencies arising from runway incursions.

For Aviation Professionals

Safety Culture: The circular promotes a culture of safety within the aviation industry, encouraging all stakeholders to prioritize runway safety and implement best practices.

Collaboration and Communication: Emphasis on collaborative efforts between aircraft operators, ATC, aerodrome operators, and regulators fosters a unified approach to mitigating runway incursion risks.

Regulatory Compliance: Aviation professionals must adhere to the guidelines and recommendations provided in the circular, ensuring compliance with national and international safety standards.

Continuous Improvement: The circular encourages the use of safety assessments and the sharing of critical safety information among Runway Safety Teams (RSTs), leading to continuous improvement in runway safety protocols.

Technological Integration: Adoption of advanced technologies and systems recommended in the circular aids in the effective monitoring and management of runway operations, enhancing overall safety.

The Overall Impact

• Risk Reduction: By following the guidelines, the risk of runway incursions and associated accidents is significantly reduced, leading to safer operations.
• Professional Development: Continuous training and adherence to standardized procedures contribute to the professional development of pilots and aviation personnel.
• Enhanced Communication: Improved communication protocols minimize misunderstandings and errors, fostering a safer and more efficient aviation environment.
• Regulatory Alignment: Ensuring alignment with ICAO and national safety plans helps maintain global aviation safety standards.

The Original Circular

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